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In physics (specifically, in kinetic theory) the Einstein relation (also known as Einstein–Smoluchowski relation〔''Introduction to Nanoscience'' by Stuart Lindsay, p243, (google books link )〕) is a previously unexpected connection revealed independently by William Sutherland in 1905,〔(Sutherland, W. (1905) "Dynamical theory of diffusion for non-electrolytes and the molecular mass of albumin", Phil. Mag., 9. 781. )〕〔("Stokes-Einstein-Sutherland equation", P. Hänggi )〕 Albert Einstein in 1905, and by Marian Smoluchowski in 1906 in their papers on Brownian motion. The more general form of the equation is〔''Molecular Driving Forces: Statistical Thermodynamics in Chemistry and Biology'' by Dill and Bromberg (google books link )〕 : where *''D'' is the diffusion constant; *''μ'' is the "mobility", or the ratio of the particle's terminal drift velocity to an applied force, ''μ = vd / F''; *''kB'' is Boltzmann's constant; *''T'' is the absolute temperature. This equation is an early example of a fluctuation-dissipation relation.〔"Fluctuation-Dissipation: Response Theory in Statistical Physics" by Umberto Marini Bettolo Marconi, Andrea Puglisi, Lamberto Rondoni, Angelo Vulpiani, ()〕 Two frequently used important special forms of the relation are: : (Electrical mobility equation, for diffusion of charged particles〔''Principles of Semiconductor Devices'' online textbook by Van Zeghbroeck, Chapter 2.7, (link )〕) : ("Stokes–Einstein–Sutherland equation",〔("Stokes-Einstein-Sutherland equation", P. Hänggi )〕 for diffusion of spherical particles through a liquid with low Reynolds number) where *''q'' is the electrical charge of a particle; *''μq'', the electrical mobility of the charged particle; *''η'' is the dynamic viscosity; *''r'' is the radius of the spherical particle. ==Special cases== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Einstein relation (kinetic theory)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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